de particle #1: 的
de called 白勺的 (báisháo de) in Chinese.
de used to mark possession, and works almost exactly like ’s (apostrophe + s) in English.
de comes after the possessor and before the thing that’s possessed.
examples:
我的书
wǒ de shū
my book
你的猫
nǐ de māo
your cat
他的包
tā de bāo
his bag
simple sentences example:
这是你的书。
Zhè shì nǐ de shū.
This is your book.
那不是我的问题。
Nà bùshì wǒ de wèntí.
That isn't my problem.
这是中国的产品。
Zhè shì Zhōngguó de chǎnpǐn.
This is a Chinese product.
de using as noun:
example:
红色的苹果
hóngsè de píngguǒ
red apple
漂亮的女孩
piàoliang de nǚhái
pretty girl
他喜欢可爱的动物。
Tā xǐhuan kě'ài de dòngwù.
He likes cute animals.
我害怕很大的狗。
Wǒ hàipà hěn dà de gǒu.
I'm afraid of big dogs.
de/dì particle #2: 地
is called 土也地 (tǔyě de) in Chinese
Note that whilst 地 is pronounced dì for other uses, when used as a particle it’s pronounced de.
地 behaves very much like the suffix -ly in English. That is, it marks adverbs, or converts adjectives into adverbs.
examples:
慢慢地
mànmande
slowly
准确地
zhǔnquède
correctly
好心地
hǎoxīnde
kindly
simple sentences example:
他很快地吃饭。
Tā hěn kuài de chīfàn.
He eats quickly.
他很有希望地看着我。
Tā hěn yǒu xīwàng de kànzhe wǒ.
He looked at me hopefully.
你应该小心地处理这件事。
Nǐ yīnggāi xiǎoxīn de chǔlǐ zhè jiàn shì.
You should deal with this issue carefully.
Notice how 地 can convert whole verbal phrases (很有希望 and 小心地) into adverbs in the example sentences above.
de particle #3: 得
called 双人得 (shuāngrén de)
used as part of various verbal complements. That probably doesn’t mean a lot to you if you haven’t studied grammar before. A complement is something that appears right after the verb and adds more information about it.
Verbal complements in Chinese can be categorized in many different ways depending on who you ask, but here’s one way to do it:
Direction complement
Potential complements
Degree complements
Result complements
Rather than trying to analyze all of these, though, we’ll break down the two that involve 得: potential complements and degree complements.
When 得 is pronounced dé in second tone, it’s a verb meaning “to get” or “to acquire”.
得 as děi
When 得 is pronounced děi in third tone, it’s a modal verb meaning “must” or “have to”.
Chinese grammar de particles quick summary
Now let’s recap with a very short summary of the Chinese
de particles.
- 的 is marks possession
- 地 marks adverbs
- 得 appears in verbal complements
- the potential complement
- the degree complement
referensi:
https://grammar.chineseboost.com/
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